Francis Beaufort

Sir Francis Beaufort was an Irish hydrographer, naval officer, and creator of the Beaufort cipher and the Beaufort scale. He was born on May 27, 1774, in Navan, County Meath, Ireland, and died on December 17, 1857. Beaufort’s father was a cleric of Huguenot origin who took an active interest in geography and topography, publishing in 1792 one of the earliest detailed maps of Ireland. Beaufort joined the East India Company in 1789 and enlisted in the Royal Navy the following year, remaining on active service until 1812. He was promoted to lieutenant at the age of 22 and became interested in the weather, writing down short comments about the general weather. He was wounded by sniper fire during a conflict with local pashas in 1812, and later that year, the Admiralty ordered him home due to his injury.

Beaufort’s Contributions
Beaufort’s desire for objectivity and accuracy in meteorological observation led to the development of the wind scale, with which his name is most often associated today. It was first devised in 1806, was several times amended, and is still in use. The Beaufort wind scale is an objective scale ranging from calm (0) up to storm (13) in which wind strength is correlated with the amount of sail a full-rigged ship would carry appropriate to the wind conditions. It was first used officially by Robert Fitzroy in 1831 and adopted by the British Admiralty in 1838. When sail gave way to steam, the scale was modified by defining levels on it in terms of the state of the sea or, following George Simpson, wind speed.

In 1829, Beaufort became hydrographer to the Admiralty, where he promoted hydrographic studies for several British expeditions. As Hydrographer to the Royal Navy, Beaufort worked tirelessly at organizing surveying expeditions and meticulously collating their findings with a combination of artistic skill and mathematical ability. He commissioned voyages to survey and chart areas of the world, such as those of the Beagle with Charles Darwin and the Erebus with Joseph Hooker. The sea north of Alaska was named for him.